The French protectorate
30 March 1912 , the sultan recognizes French protectorate. Spain gets to share control of the Rif region and the enclave of Ifni . Against this new situation, riots broke out in various parts of the country. Moulay
Hafiz abdicated in favor of his brother Moulay Youssef, and the
pacification of the country began under the leadership of General
Lyautey . Marrakech is occupied in September 1912 and the following year Agadir . Until 1925 , Lyautey , appointed Resident General , shall pursue a
friendly policy towards the inhabitants of Morocco, a country that
strives to enhance its developing infrastructure (roads , railways,
ports).But the Rif is shaken, from 1921 to 1926 , the revolt of Abd el -Krim . Long
Rif war can not be quelled by a Franco-Spanish military alliance led by
Marshal Petain, the head of a force of nearly 100,000 men ; the High Atlas is formally submitted in 1934 . The Draa Valley and the southern oases remain long in a state of
latent dissent : that between 1921 and 1934 estimated the conquest of
Morocco claims the lives of 27,000 men in France ( metropolitan and
African troops ) .In
1930, France, which wants to establish a more direct administration,
like the one that exists in Algeria , trying to disarm the Berbers by
publishing the " Berber Dahir " manifesto that recognizes their specific
(language, customary laws ) compared to the Arab administration. This
text leads to the first nationalist reaction media Arabized , who
accuse France of trying to divide the country to better establish its
authority. This is also the same period that the Committee is of Moroccan action,
the first political party demanding an end to direct rule .
The struggle for independence
The French defeat of 1940 strengthens the hopes of nationalists. The main figure of Moroccan nationalism , Allal al- Fasi , will give
its ideological foundations of the party of Independence, Istiqlal ,
dissident branch of the Moroccan Action Committee , founded in 1943 with
Ahmed Balafrej .A year earlier , in November 1942 , U.S. troops landed in Morocco; the
country becomes a strategic base for the Allies until the end of World
War II , and Moroccan troops , integrated into the French army,
participating in operations at the end of the conflict ( the campaigns
in Italy , France, Germany ) .At the end of the Second World War, the nationalist thrust becomes more urgent . Sultan
Mohammed Ben Youssef sees the celebration of the twenty -fifth
anniversary of his accession to assert the independence of Morocco . His
intention resistance by refusing to sign a number of dahirs (
legislation ), while the weight of the administration, under the
authority of General Juin , is increasingly felt. The
French authorities , in agreement with Hadj Thami el Glaoui, brother of
Sultan and Pasha of Marrakech, considered one of the most powerful
"feudal" the time shall, at the end of a plot to Marrakech, a semblance of rebellion that led to the dismissal of the Sultan in August 1953. Thereof, exiled , is replaced in this position by a person without relief and old , Ibn Arafa . The nationalist activism "authorities" in place then double that new training , first and foremost the Istiqlal . However,
France , which is engaged in the war in Algeria must also deal with the
nationalist revolt in Tunisia and barely out of the war in Indochina. She
decided to move towards a political solution : the sultan, whose exile
has only strengthened the legitimacy and growing international prestige
is recalled to Morocco . Returned to his country , he was received and acclaimed by a crowd of over a million and a half people . The
government of Edgar Faure negotiates the terms of the Declaration of
La-Celle -Saint- Cloud ( November 1955 ), which leads to the
independence of the country March 3, 1956 ; Madrid recognizes that Spanish Morocco on April 7 ; Ceuta , Melilla and Ifni , however, remain the Spanish enclaves . The international status of Tangier , established in 1923, is abolished on October 21 . In August 1957, the sultan , enjoying immense popularity , was proclaimed King of Morocco, under the name of Mohammed V
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